Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Accelerating dictionary indexing of electron backscatter diffraction patterns with PCA and quantization.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Accurate grain boundary plane distributions for textured microstructures from stereological analysis of orthogonal two-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction orientation maps.

Ultramicroscopy·2025
Same author

Why grain growth is not curvature flow.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Epitaxial Stabilization and Persistent Nucleation of the 3C Polymorph of Ba<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub>.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2024
Same author

Grain boundary velocity and curvature are not correlated in Ni polycrystals.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2021
Same author

Influence of pH and Surface Orientation on the Photochemical Reactivity of SrTiO<sub>3</sub>.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2020
Same journal

Curved interfaces-enhanced oxygen reduction reaction by PtCo alloys anchored MOF-derived carbon.

Nanoscale·2026
Same journal

Broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 pseudoviruses elicited by envelope trimer DNA with chimeric design delivered <i>via</i> silica-calcium phosphate nanoparticles.

Nanoscale·2026
Same journal

The transition of MXene research: the map and the gap.

Nanoscale·2026
Same journal

Critical interplay of defect engineering and plasmonics in hybrid nanostructures for ultrasensitive photo-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Nanoscale·2026
Same journal

Crystallization regulation and electrochemical optimization of free-standing carbon nanofiber-confined vanadium oxide nanodots for advanced flexible zinc ion batteries.

Nanoscale·2026
Same journal

Polariton manipulation <i>via</i> boundary engineering.

Nanoscale·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Photocatalysts with internal electric fields.

Li Li1, Paul A Salvador, Gregory S Rohrer

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. gr20@andrew.cmu.edu.

Nanoscale
|October 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electric fields in photocatalyst particles can improve water splitting by reducing electron-hole recombination and back-reactions. This review explores using internal electric fields for enhanced photocatalytic activity and efficient solar fuel production.

More Related Videos

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
09:30

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Published on: June 28, 2017

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
09:22

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications

Published on: July 25, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
09:30

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Published on: June 28, 2017

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
09:22

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications

Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photocatalysis
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Photocatalytic water splitting is crucial for solar fuel production.
  • Recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and back-reactions limit photocatalyst efficiency.
  • Internal electric fields offer a promising strategy to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of internal electric fields in photocatalyst particles for water splitting.
  • To discuss the origins and manipulation of internal electric fields in photocatalysts.
  • To highlight the potential of charged interfaces in hierarchically structured materials for improved photocatalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on internal electric fields in photocatalysts.
  • Analysis of ferroelectric phenomena, p-n junctions, polar surface terminations, and polymorph junctions.
  • Discussion of strategies for creating charged interfaces in hierarchically structured materials.

Main Results:

  • Internal electric fields can effectively mitigate electron-hole recombination and back-reactions.
  • Various sources of internal electric fields within photocatalyst particles are identified.
  • Hierarchically structured materials with charged interfaces show promise for enhanced photocatalytic activity.

Conclusions:

  • The strategic use of internal electric fields is key to designing efficient photocatalysts for water splitting.
  • Manipulation of electric fields through material design, particularly in hierarchical structures, offers a pathway to advanced photocatalytic performance.
  • Further research into charged interfaces holds significant potential for next-generation photocatalytic systems.