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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

Analgesia for forceps delivery.

Payam Nikpoor1, Emily Bain

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Haydown Road, Elizabeth Vale, Australia, 5112.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|October 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review found insufficient evidence to determine the most effective pain relief for forceps delivery. More research is needed to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes for different analgesia methods.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Forceps delivery is used when labor progression is slow or delivery needs acceleration.
  • Effective pain relief is crucial for patient comfort and safe procedure execution.
  • Optimal analgesia for forceps delivery remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various analgesic agents and methods for forceps delivery.
  • To assess outcomes for both mothers and newborns.

Main Methods:

  • Searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register, guidelines, and reference lists.
  • Included randomized controlled trials comparing analgesia methods for forceps delivery.
  • Assessed study eligibility, data extraction, and risk of bias independently.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

Main Results:

  • Four trials (388 women) with unclear to high risk of bias were included.
  • Spinal analgesia was more effective than pudendal nerve block for adequate pain relief.
  • Diazepam showed mixed results compared to other agents; vomiting was reduced with diazepam vs. vinydan-ether.
  • No trials reported on serious maternal adverse effects or neonatal mortality/morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Insufficient evidence exists to recommend a specific analgesic agent or method for forceps delivery.
  • Neonatal outcomes associated with different analgesia methods require further investigation.