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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

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Related Experiment Video

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Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research
14:08

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Published on: September 9, 2017

Functional interaction between autophagy and ciliogenesis.

Olatz Pampliega1, Idil Orhon, Bindi Patel

  • 1Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.

Nature
|October 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nutrient deprivation links primary cilia and autophagy. Cilia signaling activates autophagy, while basal autophagy regulates cilia growth, suggesting a connection relevant to ciliopathies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Signaling Pathways

Background:

  • Nutrient deprivation stimulates both autophagy and primary cilia formation.
  • Primary cilia are increasingly recognized for their roles in nutrient sensing and signaling.
  • The interplay between cilia and autophagy remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional interactions between primary cilia and autophagy.
  • To determine if ciliogenesis machinery influences autophagy.
  • To elucidate how cilia signaling impacts autophagy and vice versa.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the molecular machinery of ciliogenesis in relation to autophagy.
  • Examined the effect of cilia signaling (e.g., Hedgehog pathway) on autophagy-related proteins.
  • Assessed the impact of disrupting ciliogenesis on autophagy.
  • Studied the effects of blocking autophagy on primary cilia growth and signaling.

Main Results:

  • Shared molecular machinery exists between ciliogenesis and early autophagy.
  • Cilia signaling, including the Hedgehog pathway, directly induces autophagy via proteins at the cilium base.
  • Disrupting ciliogenesis partially inhibits autophagy.
  • Blocking autophagy enhances primary cilia growth and associated signaling under normal nutrition.

Conclusions:

  • Basal autophagy regulates cilia growth by degrading proteins essential for intraflagellar transport.
  • A functional link exists where cilia signaling activates autophagy and autophagy modulates cilia.
  • Impaired autophagy activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain ciliopathies.