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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

Published on: November 12, 2020

Hemorrhagic unilateral retinopathy.

Veronica A Kon Graversen¹, Lee M Jampol, Travis Meredith

¹*Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; †Deceased; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; §Vitreous-Retina-Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York; and ¶Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)

|October 8, 2013

Summary

This study investigated unexplained unilateral retinopathy in healthy women, finding spontaneous resolution and excellent visual outcomes. It suggests a potential new clinical entity for hemorrhagic retinopathy.

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Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

Published on: November 12, 2020

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Published on: September 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Retinal Diseases

Background:

Investigating the causes of unilateral hemorrhagic retinopathy in otherwise healthy individuals.
Evaluating potential new clinical entities presenting with intraretinal hemorrhages.

Observation:

A case series of 10 women with unexplained unilateral, deep intraretinal hemorrhages.
Presentations included sudden visual loss, with visual acuity varying from 20/20 to hand motion.

Findings:

Mean age of patients was 48.4 years.
Nine eyes showed spontaneous hemorrhage resolution and significant vision improvement over a mean 17-month follow-up.
No history of Valsalva maneuver or strenuous exercise was reported.

Implications:

The findings suggest a possible new entity characterized by unilateral hemorrhagic retinopathy.
The excellent visual prognosis highlights the importance of considering this entity in differential diagnoses.
Further research may elucidate the specific etiology and pathophysiology.