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Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging

DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Primed Mycobacterial Uveitis (PMU) as a Model for Post-Infectious Uveitis
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Deconstructing White Dot Syndromes-Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis (MUV) Taskforce: Report 11.

Alessandro Invernizzi1, Aniruddha Agarwal2, Lee M Jampol3

  • 1From the Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Eye Clinic, Luigi Sacco Hospital (A.I., G.S.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute (A.I., P.M.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

American Journal of Ophthalmology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The term "white dot syndromes" (WDS) is outdated for non-infectious posterior uveitis (NIPU). Advanced imaging reveals distinct features for each NIPU, suggesting different disease pathways and warranting disease-specific terminology.

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Published on: January 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The term "white dot syndromes" (WDS) historically groups diverse non-infectious posterior uveitis (NIPU) entities based on funduscopic appearance.
  • The clinical relevance of the umbrella WDS terminology has been questioned due to potential heterogeneity among these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine the validity of the WDS construct in light of advanced retinal and choroidal imaging.
  • To evaluate whether current imaging technologies support a unified classification for these NIPU entities.

Main Methods:

  • Perspective review of literature on imaging and pathophysiology of NIPU.
  • Analysis of high-resolution OCT, OCT angiography (OCTA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) findings.
  • Focus on six classically defined WDS entities: MEWDS, MFCPU, PIC, APMPPE, SC, and BSCR.

Main Results:

  • Multimodal imaging demonstrates distinct anatomic features and patterns of tissue involvement for each NIPU.
  • OCT/OCTA reveal specific damage patterns: photoreceptor/RPE injury (MEWDS), Bruch's membrane disruption (MFCPU/PIC), choriocapillaris ischemia (APMPPE/SC), and choroidal infiltration (BSCR).
  • ICGA differentiates choroidal perfusion, distinguishing vascular non-perfusion from other inflammatory damage.

Conclusions:

  • The WDS classification overlooks significant biological and prognostic differences among NIPU.
  • Imaging-based immunopathogenesis hypotheses suggest distinct pathways for each condition.
  • A paradigm shift towards disease-specific terminology is necessary for diagnostic precision and tailored management.