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Related Concept Videos

Gastric Phase of Digestion01:26

Gastric Phase of Digestion

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The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Gastric Emptying01:16

Gastric Emptying

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Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...
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Intestinal Phase of Digestion01:29

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

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The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...
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Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
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Gastric secretion.

Shijian Chu1, Mitchell L Schubert

  • 1aMcGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center bDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|October 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers recent advances in understanding gastric acid secretion regulation. Key findings include the roles of various stimulants and inhibitors, and the impact of Helicobacter pylori infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Gastric acid is crucial for digestion, nutrient absorption, and pathogen defense.
  • Its secretion is tightly regulated by neural, paracrine, hormonal, and intracellular mechanisms.
  • Understanding these regulatory pathways is vital for managing acid-related disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent (past year) literature on gastric acid secretion regulation.
  • To review both basic science and clinical findings.
  • To highlight advances in understanding neural, paracrine, hormonal, and intracellular control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of basic science and clinical studies.
  • Synthesis of findings on gastric acid secretion regulation.
  • Analysis of identified stimulants and inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Gastric acid aids protein digestion and absorption of iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and medications.
  • It prevents microbial overgrowth and infections.
  • Stimulants include histamine, gastrin, acetylcholine, and ghrelin; inhibitors include somatostatin and others.
  • Helicobacter pylori's effect varies with infection stage and location.
  • Acute infection inhibits acid secretion via calcitonin gene-related peptide.
  • Proton pump inhibitor use elevates serum chromogranin A.

Conclusions:

  • Progress continues in understanding gastric acid secretion regulation in health and disease.
  • Gastrin's dual role as secretagogue and trophic hormone is recognized.
  • Research is exploring gastrin's role in carcinogenesis and developing receptor antagonists.