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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

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Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or...
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Measurement Of Neuromagnetic Brain Function In Pre-school Children With Custom Sized MEG
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What is different in children?

Leonard E Swischuk1

  • 1Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology
|October 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric bones buckle and bend due to softness and growth plates, leading to unique fractures. This guide helps identify and interpret these subtle pediatric fractures using comparative imaging.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Infant and child bones possess unique properties, differing significantly from adult bone structure.
  • The presence of epiphyseal plates, crucial for growth, introduces specific vulnerabilities in pediatric long bones.
  • Biomechanical forces, particularly shearing and twisting, can result in distinct fracture patterns in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the characteristic fracture patterns observed in pediatric long bones.
  • To provide guidance on the identification of subtle and easily missed pediatric fractures.
  • To emphasize the utility of comparative radiographic views in diagnosing pediatric fractures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pediatric bone biomechanics and fracture mechanisms.

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  • Analysis of radiographic presentations of various pediatric fracture types.
  • Discussion of imaging techniques, including the application of comparative views.

    • Main Results:

    • Pediatric bones exhibit buckling and bending rather than complete breaks due to their pliability.
    • Epiphyseal plates represent common sites for fractures in children, often resulting from torsional or shearing forces.
    • Subtle fractures may be challenging to detect, necessitating careful radiographic interpretation and the use of comparative imaging.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the unique biomechanics of pediatric bone is essential for accurate fracture diagnosis.
    • Radiographic interpretation must account for growth-related structures like epiphyseal plates.
    • Comparative imaging is a valuable tool for identifying subtle fractures in pediatric patients.