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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

46.6K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
46.6K
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

247
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
247
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.9K
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

23.2K
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance,...
23.2K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

45.6K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
45.6K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

11.7K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
11.7K

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
09:32

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

Published on: January 26, 2016

7.9K

Water's second glass transition.

Katrin Amann-Winkel1, Catalin Gainaru, Philip H Handle

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water exhibits two distinct glass transitions, with high-density amorphous ice showing a clear transition at 116 K. This finding is crucial for understanding liquid water's unique properties and its prevalence in space.

Keywords:
dielectric relaxationdifferential scanning calorimetrypolyamorphismsupercooled water

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Water's glassy states are crucial for understanding its exceptional liquid properties and its abundance in space.
  • The calorimetric glass transition of low-density amorphous ice (LDA) at 136 K has been debated due to its weak signature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the calorimetric glass transition of high-density amorphous ice (HDA).
  • To provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinct phases of amorphous water and their properties.

Main Methods:

  • Calorimetric measurements to detect glass transitions.
  • Broadband-dielectric spectroscopy to analyze molecular mobility and relaxation times.
  • Analysis of temperature-dependent dielectric and heating-rate-dependent calorimetric data.

Main Results:

  • High-density amorphous ice (HDA) exhibits a distinct calorimetric glass transition at 116 K, with a significantly stronger signature than LDA.
  • Evidence suggests this second glass transition involves liquid-like translational mobility, supporting a "double Tg scenario" related to two liquid phases.
  • Relaxation times and fragility indices (m=14 for LDA, m=20-25 for HDA) were determined, classifying LDA as "superstrong" and HDA as strong.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms a "double Tg scenario" for water, with distinct glass transitions for LDA and HDA.
  • HDA's second glass transition provides new insights into the complex phase behavior of water.
  • The findings contribute to understanding water's anomalous properties and its role in various environments.