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Related Concept Videos

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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
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Dementia.

Raffaele Nardone1, Stefan Golaszewski, Eugen Trinka

  • 1Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reveals reduced short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicating cholinergic dysfunction. TMS also shows potential for cognitive rehabilitation in AD patients.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseasedementiadementia with Lewy bodiestranscranial direct current stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulationvascular dementia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is extensively used to study motor system pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias.
  • TMS helps monitor pharmacological effects and characterizes cortical excitability.
  • Cholinergic system deficits are common in dementias like AD and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of TMS in characterizing motor system changes in AD.
  • To explore the potential of TMS-based biomarkers for cholinergic dysfunction.
  • To assess the role of neuromodulatory techniques in AD cognitive rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies utilizing TMS to assess motor cortical excitability in AD.
  • Analysis of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) measures in AD patients.
  • Integration of TMS with high-density EEG and paired associative stimulation (PAS) studies.

Main Results:

  • Consistent reduction in SAI observed in AD and other cholinergic-affected dementias, suggesting a biomarker for cholinergic dysfunction.
  • Evidence of cortical hyperexcitability and asymptomatic motor cortex reorganization in early AD stages.
  • Impaired cortical plasticity and functional connectivity identified using integrated TMS-EEG approaches.
  • Abnormalities in paired associative stimulation-induced plasticity in AD patients.

Conclusions:

  • SAI reduction serves as a reliable biomarker for cortical cholinergic dysfunction in dementias.
  • TMS reveals significant alterations in cortical excitability, plasticity, and connectivity in AD.
  • Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques like repetitive TMS (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) show promise for cognitive rehabilitation in AD.