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Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Transcranial stimulation and cognition.

Carlo Miniussi1, Manuela Ruzzoli

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) offers a causal approach to studying cognition, complementing neuroimaging. This method, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), reveals brain mechanisms by temporarily altering neuronal activity.

Keywords:
NIBS and cognitionbehaviorcognitive neuroscienceentrainmentneural noisepedestal effectrTMSstate dependencystochastic resonancetDCS

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Brain Stimulation Techniques

Background:

  • Functional neuroimaging provides correlational data on brain activity and cognition.
  • Cortical activation in neuroimaging may correlate with, but not cause, cognitive function.
  • Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) offers a causal approach to investigate brain-cognition relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the utility of NIBS as a complementary method to functional neuroimaging for cognitive studies.
  • To investigate how NIBS can elucidate the causal role of specific brain regions in cognitive processes.
  • To examine the potential of NIBS in understanding the underlying brain mechanisms of cognition, moving beyond localization.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES).
  • Discussion of how NIBS temporarily modifies neuronal activity to influence behavior, providing causal insights.
  • Emphasis on understanding stimulation parameters (intensity, frequency, current direction) and their impact on neural excitability and cognitive effects.

Main Results:

  • NIBS can establish a causal link between stimulated brain areas and cognitive performance, unlike correlational neuroimaging.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) modulates neural excitability based on stimulation timing and frequency.
  • Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) alters neuronal membrane potentials depending on current direction (anodal/cathodal).

Conclusions:

  • NIBS provides causal evidence for the role of brain regions in cognition.
  • Understanding NIBS mechanisms and parameters is crucial for effective application in cognitive research.
  • NIBS techniques offer advanced insights into cognitive mechanisms beyond simple localization.