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Negative Affective Traits Moderate Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Memory.

Marko Živanović1, Jovana Bjekić2, Carlo Miniussi3

  • 1Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
|October 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative affectivity traits, not states, influence transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects on working memory (WM). Higher depression, anxiety, and stress correlate with greater tDCS-induced WM improvements, while associative memory (AM) benefits remain unaffected.

Keywords:
AnxietyAssociative memoryDepressionDorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)Posterior parietal cortex (PPC)StressTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)Working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Individual differences in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) cognitive effects necessitate moderator identification.
  • Negative affectivity (depressiveness, anxiety, stress) may influence cognitive performance and tDCS outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how negative affectivity, as both state and trait, moderates tDCS effects on working memory (WM) and associative memory (AM).

Main Methods:

  • Pooled data from six sham-controlled experiments with 144 healthy young adults (351 tDCS sessions).
  • Within-subject crossover designs assessed WM and AM performance after anodal tDCS or sham.
  • Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) measured affect before each session.

Main Results:

  • Trait-level negative affectivity significantly moderated WM performance.
  • Individuals with higher trait depression, anxiety, or stress showed enhanced tDCS-induced WM gains.
  • tDCS effects on associative memory were consistent and not moderated by affective state or trait.

Conclusions:

  • Negative affectivity traits can influence individual responsiveness to tDCS.
  • Higher negative affectivity may predict greater tDCS-induced improvements in executive control tasks like WM.