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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools
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Deep water towed array measurements at close range.

Kevin D Heaney1, Richard L Campbell, James J Murray

  • 1Ocean Acoustical Services and Instrumentation Systems, Inc., 11006 Clara Barton Drive, Fairfax Station, Virginia 22039.

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Summary

Acoustic propagation modeling revealed that seafloor roughness and surface waves explain bottom bounce energy spread. Out-of-plane scattering, however, requires further investigation, especially at shorter ranges.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Acoustics
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Towed array receptions were collected during the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory Philippine Sea 2009 experiment.
  • Acoustic signals were transmitted using narrowband tones and broadband pulses across the 79-535 Hz frequency band.
  • Received acoustic energy primarily followed direct and bottom bounce paths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spread in acoustic arrivals, particularly bottom bounce energy.
  • To model acoustic propagation using measured environmental data.
  • To differentiate between in-plane and out-of-plane scattering effects.

Main Methods:

  • Collected towed array receptions from a towed source during ship transits.
  • Utilized narrowband tones and broadband pulses for acoustic transmissions.
  • Performed two-dimensional acoustic propagation modeling with bathymetry, geoacoustic parameters, and sound-speed fields.
  • Incorporated seafloor roughness and surface wave effects into the models.

Main Results:

  • Bearing-time records showed a 35° spread in bottom bounce arrival angles.
  • Doppler processing revealed significant frequency spread in bottom bounce energy.
  • In-plane scattering from rough interfaces explained much of the observed arrival spread.
  • Out-of-plane scattering was observed at short ranges and not fully explained by in-plane roughness modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Seafloor roughness and surface waves are significant factors in acoustic propagation modeling.
  • In-plane scattering adequately explains some, but not all, observed acoustic phenomena.
  • Out-of-plane scattering, particularly at short ranges, requires further analysis and may indicate complex scattering mechanisms.