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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
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The pattern and evolution of looped gene bendability.

Zhiming Dai1, Yuanyan Xiong, Xianhua Dai

  • 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Gene looping, crucial for transcription, involves DNA

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gene looping, the interaction between gene promoter and terminator regions, is vital for RNA polymerase II transcription.
  • While regulatory proteins like TFIIB are known to influence gene looping, other contributing factors are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of intrinsic DNA and chromatin structures in gene looping.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic contribution of DNA bendability and nucleosome positioning to gene-loop formation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA bendability patterns in looped genes across different species (yeast and human).
  • Investigation of nucleosome positioning dynamics within open reading frames (ORFs) of looped genes.
  • Correlation of DNA structural features with gene-loop formation.
Keywords:
DNA bendabilitygene loopingnucleosome positioning

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Main Results:

  • Looped genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human cells exhibit high DNA bendability in their ORFs.
  • A conserved pattern of high DNA bendability was observed in yeast species, though peak positions varied.
  • Unstable nucleosome positioning was identified in the middle regions of looped ORFs and linked to gene looping.

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsic DNA bendability and unstable nucleosome positioning are key factors facilitating gene looping.
  • These structural features provide a mechanism supporting the formation and function of gene loops in transcription.
  • Findings expand our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing gene expression.