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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
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Multiple sclerosis treatment and infectious issues: update 2013.

A Winkelmann1, M Loebermann, E C Reisinger

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|October 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Immunomodulation and immunosuppression in multiple sclerosis (MS) increase infection risk. This review updates infectious disease risks and prevention strategies for current and emerging MS therapies.

Keywords:
disease-modifying treatmentimmunosuppressioninfectionmultiple sclerosisside effects

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies are crucial for managing multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • These treatments can increase the risk of serious infections.
  • Understanding these risks is vital for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on infections associated with multiple sclerosis treatments.
  • To highlight prevention strategies for infectious diseases in MS patients.
  • To update awareness of infectious risks for both new and established MS therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of recent studies on MS treatments and infections.
  • Analysis of data on specific infections linked to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).
  • Evaluation of current warning notices and surveillance recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Certain disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS are associated with specific severe infections.
  • Long-term monitoring and multi-disciplinary surveillance are necessary for at-risk patients.
  • Updated information on infectious complications is crucial for managing MS patients.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of multiple sclerosis requires careful consideration of infection risks.
  • Proactive monitoring and prevention strategies are essential for patients on immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive therapies.
  • Continuous updates on infectious issues are needed for safe and effective MS treatment.