Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.2K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.2K
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

12.6K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
12.6K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.7K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.7K
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

7.1K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
7.1K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

7.2K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
7.2K
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

75
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
75

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Anbalcabtagene autoleucel (PD-1 and TIGIT knockdown CD19 CAR-T) for relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (CRC01-01).

Blood·2026
Same author

Distinct remission immune architectures under rituximab and azathioprine in AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Risk of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Cancers in Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea, 2005-2023.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same author

The E3 ligases Itch and WWP2 regulate autoimmune neuroinflammation by controlling T<sub>H</sub>2 to T<sub>H</sub>17 cell conversion via interleukin-4-STAT5 axis in mice.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Remote-Controllable Immune-Priming Spot Formation Via Nanocomplexed Hydrogel-Assisted Histotripsy: Immunoasis.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2025
Same author

Bifurcate Regulation of Hematopoietic Homeostasis and Bone Osteogenesis by VHL-HIF2α-Controlled Adipocyte Function.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

52.8K

Itch expression by Treg cells controls Th2 inflammatory responses.

Hyung-seung Jin, Yoon Park, Chris Elly

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |October 19, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine production in regulatory T (Treg) cells. Itch deficiency in Treg cells leads to increased Th2 cytokines, independent of Foxp3 expression or Treg cell stability.

    More Related Videos

    Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
    15:33

    Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

    Published on: August 13, 2013

    15.5K
    In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol
    08:20

    In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

    Published on: December 30, 2016

    20.1K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 6, 2026

    Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
    07:12

    Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

    Published on: April 16, 2015

    52.8K
    Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
    15:33

    Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

    Published on: August 13, 2013

    15.5K
    In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol
    08:20

    In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

    Published on: December 30, 2016

    20.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity.
    • The transcription factor Foxp3 is essential for Treg cell development, function, and stability.
    • The precise molecular mechanisms governing Treg cell regulation are not fully understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch in Treg cell function and regulation.
    • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Itch influences Treg cell properties.
    • To determine if Itch deficiency affects Treg cell stability and cytokine production.

    Main Methods:

    • Treg cell-specific ablation of Itch in mice.
    • Analysis of lymphocyte infiltration, skin lesions, and T cell activation.
    • Assessment of Foxp3 expression, Treg cell homeostasis, and suppressive function in vitro and in vivo.
    • Fate mapping to track Treg cell populations.
    • Measurement of Th2 cytokine expression.
    • Targeted knockdown of Th2 transcriptional regulators.

    Main Results:

    • Treg cell-specific Itch deficiency in mice resulted in severe inflammation, skin lesions, and chronic T cell activation.
    • Foxp3 expression, Treg cell homeostasis, and suppressive functions were unaffected by Itch deficiency.
    • Itch deficiency led to increased Th2 cytokine production by Treg cells.
    • A subset of Treg cells lost Foxp3 expression independently of Itch, and these "ex-Treg" cells showed excessive Th2 cytokine augmentation.
    • Targeted knockdown of Th2 transcriptional regulators reversed the increased Th2 cytokine production.

    Conclusions:

    • The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch plays a critical role in controlling Th2 cytokine production in Treg cells.
    • Itch deficiency confers Th2-like properties to Treg cells in a Foxp3-independent manner.
    • This study reveals a novel mechanism of Treg cell plasticity and function regulation.