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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus.

Helle H Damkier, Peter D Brown, Jeppe Praetorius

    Physiological Reviews
    |October 19, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    The choroid plexus epithelium produces cerebrospinal fluid via specialized transport proteins. Understanding its function is key to treating neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and hydrocephalus.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Cell Biology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • The choroid plexus epithelium forms a monolayer of cuboidal cells.
    • It is responsible for producing the majority of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • Integral membrane proteins mediate solute and water transport across this epithelium.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review ion and water transport by choroid plexus cells.
    • To integrate transport protein actions into a model of CSF secretion.
    • To discuss the role of the choroid plexus in CNS fluid and electrolyte balance.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review focusing on ion and water transport mechanisms.
    • Analysis of cellular polarization of epithelial transport proteins.
    • Integration of transport protein functions to model CSF secretion.

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  • Discussion of isotonic fluid transport biophysics.

    • Main Results:

    • Choroid plexus secretion is rapid and involves unusual cellular polarization.
    • There is ongoing debate regarding the biophysics of isotonic fluid transport.
    • Dysfunctions are linked to aging, Alzheimer's disease, brain edema, neoplasms, and hydrocephalus.

    Conclusions:

    • The choroid plexus plays a critical role in regulating CNS fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
    • Modulating choroid plexus epithelial function may offer therapeutic potential for various neurological conditions.
    • Further research into isotonic fluid transport is needed.