[Electrophysiological, molecular and genetic identifications of the pre-Bötzinger complex]

From birth onwards, rhythmic breathing is required for blood oxygenation and survival in mammals. During their lifespan, human or mouse or elephant will spontaneously produce several hundreds of millions of respiratory movements. The central nervous command responsible for these spontaneous rhythmic movements is elaborated by a complex neural network extending within the brainstem. In the medulla, a special part of this network contains respiratory pacemaker neurons that play a crucial role in respiratory rhythmogenesis: the pre-Bötzinger complex. This review summarizes and discusses the main electrophysiological, molecular and genetic mechanisms contributing to the function and the perinatal maturation of the pre-Bötzinger complex.