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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Published on: February 23, 2024

Does orthodontic treatment provide a real functional improvement? a case control study.

Chiara Masci¹, Irma Ciarrocchi, Alessandro Spadaro

¹Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, V, le Vetoio 1, L'Aquila 67100, Italy. chiaramasci@hotmail.com.

BMC Oral Health

|October 25, 2013

Summary

Orthodontic treatment to correct Angle Class II malocclusion does not guarantee neuromuscular balance. Electromyography revealed asymmetric muscle patterns in treated patients, indicating potential imbalances despite achieving a Class I bite.

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Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice

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Published on: August 2, 2024

Area of Science:

Dentistry
Orthodontics
Neuromuscular Science

Background:

Electromyography (EMG) of masticatory muscles offers insights into stomatognathic function and orthodontic treatment efficacy.
Assessing neuromuscular balance is crucial for evaluating the functional outcomes of orthodontic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether orthodontic correction of Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusion to an Angle Class I bite results in neuromuscular balance.
To compare the electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in orthodontically treated versus untreated individuals.

Main Methods:

EMG analysis was performed on 30 orthodontically treated patients (Angle Class II, division 1 to Class I) and 30 untreated controls.
Surface electromyography evaluated neuromuscular characteristics under open and closed eyes conditions.
Statistical analysis utilized the Friedman two-way ANOVA by ranks due to non-normal data distribution.

Main Results:

A significant interaction between orthodontic treatment and eye condition was observed for the anterior temporal muscles.
Asymmetric electromyographic patterns, indicating neuromuscular imbalance, were detected in the anterior temporal muscles of treated subjects.

Conclusions:

Achieving an ideal occlusal target (Angle Class I) through orthodontic treatment does not automatically lead to neuromuscular balance.
Orthodontic correction may result in asymmetric muscle activity, highlighting the need for further functional assessment.