Karyometry and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the urothelium in tissue sections: a feasibility study...

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of applying a software traditionally used in the field of engineering to pathology, in particular to tissue sections from normal urothelium (NU) immuno-stained for the chromatin remodeler DAXX (death domain-associated protein). The study included 5 cases of NU. Images were recorded with a Nikon digital camera. The nuclear area and the intensity of nuclear staining were analyzed with a software package developed in LabVIEW environment. The nuclear size is 14.8 plus or minus 6.5 square microns. The nuclei in the cells adjacent to the stroma are slightly smaller than in the intermediate cells by a factor of 0.86. The mean nuclear area of the nuclei in the superficial cell layer in NU is identical to the nuclei in the intermediate cell layers. For each nucleus intensity of nuclear staining is calculated based on the gray value of the individual picture elements in the green color plane. The mean and standard deviation of nuclear gray value are 106 plus or minus 15. The mean value in the nuclei adjacent to the stroma is slightly greater by a factor 1.02 and 1.04 compared to the intermediate and superficial cell layers. In conclusion, this exploratory study shows that karyometry and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis can be done accurately by using a digital camera commonly available to pathologists and an image analysis software routinely used in the field of engineering.