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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

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Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the...
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Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

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Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
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The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
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Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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Surface tension effects on submerged electrosprays.

Alvaro G Marín1, Ignacio G Loscertales, Antonio Barrero

  • 1Bundeswehr Universität München, Neubiberg, Germany.

Biomicrofluidics
|October 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates submerged electrosprays in microfluidic devices, analyzing how surfactants affect droplet generation. Lower electrification states were observed with reduced surface tension, offering potential for sensitive biological applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Electrospray is a key technique for generating charged micro/nanodroplets, widely used in mass spectrometry.
  • Microfluidic devices offer next-generation atomization, prompting integration with electrospray technology.
  • Existing microfluidic electrospray designs yield inconsistent results due to poorly understood working parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review submerged electrospray properties in surfactant-free liquid baths.
  • To systematically investigate electrospray behavior with varying surfactant concentrations in microfluidic systems.
  • To analyze and compare observed regimes with existing experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of submerged electrospray principles in non-surfactant liquid baths.
  • Systematic experimental study of electrospray behavior across a range of surfactant concentrations.
  • Comparative analysis of experimental findings with established literature data.

Main Results:

  • Submerged electrosprays exhibit complex behavior influenced by surfactant concentration and surface tension.
  • Different operational regimes were identified and characterized.
  • Reduced surface tension regimes demonstrated lower states of electrification.

Conclusions:

  • Varying surface tension significantly impacts microfluidic liquid-liquid electrospray phenomenology.
  • Lower electrification states achieved via reduced surface tension are promising for biological and biomedical applications.
  • Further research into microfluidic electrospray parameters is crucial for advancing atomization techniques.