Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 6, 2026

Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice
Published on: October 10, 2025
Breech presentation at delivery: a marker for congenital anomaly?
D Mostello1, J J Chang2, F Bai2
1Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA.
Objective:
To determine whether congenital anomalies are associated with breech presentation at the time of birth.
Study Design:
A population-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted among 460,147 women with singleton live births using the Missouri Birth Defects Registry, which includes all defects diagnosed during the first year of life. Maternal and obstetric characteristics and outcomes between breech and cephalic presentation groups were compared using χ(2)-square statistic and Student's t-test. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Result:
At least one congenital anomaly was more likely present among infants breech at birth (11.7%) than in those with cephalic presentation (5.1%), whether full-term (9.4 vs 4.6%) or preterm (20.1 vs 11.6%). The relationship between breech presentation and congenital anomaly was stronger among full-term births (aOR 2.09, CI 1.96, 2.23, term vs 1.40, CI 1.26, 1.55, preterm), but not in all categories of anomalies.
Conclusion:
Breech presentation at delivery is a marker for the presence of congenital anomaly. Infants delivered breech deserve special scrutiny for the presence of malformation.
Related Concept Videos
Development of the Oral Microbiota
Teratogenicity
Neurulation
Pedigree Analysis
Anatomical Positions
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Appendicitis-I: Introduction
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...

