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Related Concept Videos

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
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Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

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Radiation induced nausea and vomiting.

Petra Feyer1, Franziska Jahn2, Karin Jordan2

  • 1Department of Radiotherapy, Vivantes Medical Center Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin, Germany.

European Journal of Pharmacology
|October 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV) affects 50-80% of patients undergoing radiotherapy without prophylaxis. Guidelines recommend antiemetic prophylaxis based on radiotherapy regimen risk assessment to improve patient quality of life.

Keywords:
AntiemeticsNauseaRadiation therapyRisk factorsVomiting

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Supportive Care

Background:

  • Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV) is a common, often underestimated, complication of radiotherapy.
  • Prolonged RINV significantly impacts patients' quality of life during fractionated radiotherapy (RT) courses (6-8 weeks).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the emetogenicity of various radiotherapy regimens.
  • To provide recommendations for appropriate antiemetic prophylaxis based on international guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of international antiemetic guidelines (MASCC/ESMO, ASCO).
  • Assessment of radiotherapy regimen emetogenicity and patient-specific factors.
  • Discussion of antiemetic strategies, including 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and steroids.

Main Results:

  • 50-80% of patients experience RINV without prophylaxis.
  • Prophylaxis is recommended based on risk assessment of the RT regimen.
  • Guidelines from MASCC/ESMO and ASCO are widely endorsed.

Conclusions:

  • Antiemetic prophylaxis is crucial for managing RINV in radiotherapy patients.
  • Tailoring prophylaxis to the specific RT regimen and patient factors is essential.
  • Adherence to international guidelines ensures optimal management and improved quality of life.