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Measuring the Structure, Composition, and Change of Underwater Environments with Large-area Imaging

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Cumulative human impacts on marine predators.

Sara M Maxwell¹, Elliott L Hazen, Steven J Bograd

¹1] Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA [2] Marine Conservation Institute, 14301 Arnold Drive, Suite 25, Glen Ellen, California 95442, USA [3] Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA [4] Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, California 93940, USA.

Nature Communications

|October 29, 2013

Summary

Human activities create complex impacts on marine predators. Our study developed a cumulative utilization and impact metric, revealing high impacts even within protected marine sanctuaries.

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Area of Science:

Marine ecology
Conservation science
Human impact assessment

Background:

Marine ecosystems face complex, interacting human stressors.
Spatially explicit assessments of cumulative impacts on marine predators are lacking.
Marine predators are ecologically and economically vital.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a metric for cumulative utilization and impact (CUI) on marine predators.
To assess cumulative human impacts on eight protected predator species in the California Current Ecosystem.
To inform spatial management strategies for marine resources.

Main Methods:

Combined electronic tracking data from 685 individuals of eight protected predator species.
Integrated data on 24 anthropogenic stressors.
Developed a novel metric: cumulative utilization and impact (CUI).

Main Results:

Significant spatial variation in CUI was observed across the California Current Ecosystem.
Some of the highest cumulative impacts were found within US National Marine Sanctuaries.
Neither species distribution nor cumulative impact alone is sufficient for effective management.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive management requires accounting for cumulative human impacts and stressor trade-offs.
Spatial planning for marine resource use must integrate CUI assessments.
Effective conservation necessitates understanding complex human-ecosystem interactions.