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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Gene regulation by non-coding RNAs.

Veena S Patil1, Rui Zhou, Tariq M Rana

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Non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression in development and immunity. This review details the mechanisms of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), exploring their therapeutic potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression over the past two decades.
  • Both small ncRNAs (20-30 nucleotides) and long ncRNAs (>200 nucleotides) play significant roles in diverse biological processes.
  • These include embryonic development, innate immunity, and various pathological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the biogenesis and function of key small ncRNA classes.
  • To focus on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).
  • To briefly discuss the broader relevance of both small and long ncRNAs in human physiology and pathology, including their therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on non-coding RNA biology.
  • Focus on molecular mechanisms of siRNA, miRNA, and piRNA biogenesis and function.
  • Exploration of ncRNA roles in physiological and pathological contexts.

Main Results:

  • Established roles of siRNAs, miRNAs, and piRNAs as key regulators of gene expression.
  • Detailed understanding of the molecular pathways involved in their production and action.
  • Identified links between ncRNA dysregulation and human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs are fundamental to gene regulation across various biological processes.
  • Specific classes like siRNAs, miRNAs, and piRNAs have well-defined mechanisms of action.
  • ncRNAs hold significant promise as potential therapeutic agents for human diseases.