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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

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Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
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Stakeholder views on pharmacogenomic testing.

Haridarshan N Patel1, Iulia D Ursan, Patrick M Zueger

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Pharmacotherapy
|October 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding stakeholder perspectives on pharmacogenomic testing is crucial for personalized medicine. Addressing concerns like education, cost, and practicality can help integrate genetic testing into healthcare.

Keywords:
pharmacogeneticspharmacogenomic testingpharmacogenomicspharmacy policystakeholder perspectives

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
  • Health Services Research
  • Genetics in Healthcare

Background:

  • Pharmacogenomics is key to advancing personalized medicine.
  • Widespread adoption of pharmacogenomic testing depends on stakeholder buy-in.
  • Understanding diverse stakeholder views is essential for implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize existing research on stakeholder perspectives and attitudes towards pharmacogenomic testing.
  • To identify common themes and barriers to pharmacogenomic testing implementation across different stakeholder groups.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a structured review of original research studies using multiple databases (PubMed, IPA, CINAHL, EMBASE).
  • Collected data on stakeholder groups (patients, public, providers, payers) and identified barriers (clinical, economic, educational, ethical/legal, practical, etc.).

Main Results:

  • Analyzed 34 studies reporting 37 stakeholder perspectives.
  • Providers focused on clinical utility and education; the public on mistrust, education, and practicality.
  • Patients raised ethical/legal and economic concerns; payers focused on practicality and clinical utility.

Conclusions:

  • Significant overlap in concerns exists across stakeholders, including knowledge gaps.
  • Addressing stakeholder-specific issues regarding privacy, cost, and results is vital.
  • Further research in underrepresented groups and targeted efforts can facilitate pharmacogenomic testing adoption.