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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Published on: April 4, 2025

A universal strategy for visually guided landing.

Emily Baird¹, Norbert Boeddeker, Michael R Ibbotson

¹Department of Biology, Lund University, S-2232 Lund, Sweden.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|October 30, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Honey bees control landing speed by maintaining a constant image expansion rate, a strategy effective on any surface orientation. This finding offers insights for both animal flight and robotic guidance systems.

Keywords:

flight control insect three-dimensional surface vision

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Area of Science:

Animal Behavior
Biomechanics
Robotics

Background:

Safe landing requires precise speed reduction, a complex process in flight.
Mechanisms for animal landing strategies, especially on varied surfaces, are not fully understood.
Honey bees use optic flow on horizontal surfaces, but vertical surfaces present challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how honey bees control their speed when landing on vertical surfaces.
To determine the visual cues honey bees utilize for landing on surfaces of different orientations.
To develop a generalizable model for insect landing strategies.

Main Methods:

Analysis of honey bee flight trajectories during landings on a vertical surface.
Observation of optic flow patterns generated by the landing surface.
Artificial manipulation of the apparent rate of image expansion to test hypotheses.

Main Results:

Honey bees maintain a constant rate of image expansion during landings on vertical surfaces.
This constant expansion rate strategy ensures gradual and automatic speed reduction.
The strategy is effective across various surface orientations, including horizontal and vertical.

Conclusions:

Honey bees employ a simple yet generalizable visual strategy (constant image expansion rate) for controlled landings.
This biological strategy does not require explicit knowledge of distance or speed.
The findings have implications for understanding other flying animals and for developing autonomous robotic landing systems.