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Birth order and myopia.

Jeremy A Guggenheim1, George McMahon, Kate Northstone

  • 1School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK .

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

First-born individuals have a slightly increased risk of myopia, with the association strongest in larger studies and for more severe cases. This link appears independent of known risk factors like outdoor time.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Previous observations suggest a link between birth order and reduced unaided vision, a potential indicator of myopia.
  • Understanding factors influencing myopia development is crucial for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct association between birth order and myopia.
  • To analyze this association across diverse international cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Four large-scale studies were analyzed: ALSPAC (UK), SCORM (Singapore), REHS (Australia), and IDFC (Israel).
  • Myopia prevalence in first-born individuals was compared to non-first-born individuals.
  • Odds ratios (OR) were calculated, adjusting for potential confounding risk factors.

Main Results:

  • A numerically higher prevalence of myopia was observed in first-born individuals across all groups.
  • Adjusted ORs for myopia in first-borns ranged from 1.04 to 1.31.
  • In the largest cohort (IDFC), the association was stronger for first-born vs. fourth-born and increased with myopia severity.

Conclusions:

  • The increased risk of myopia in first-born individuals is generally low (OR < 1.3).
  • Statistically significant evidence was primarily found in studies with over 4000 participants.
  • The observed association may stem from mechanisms other than established risk factors like time spent outdoors or reading.