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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis
06:41

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

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[Alopecia areata].

V von Felbert1, H F Merk

  • 1Univ.-Hautklinik Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|November 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease, supported by epidemiological and genetic studies. Research is identifying new therapeutic targets and leading to clinical trials for this condition.

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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
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Area of Science:

  • Immunodermatology
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Alopecia areata (AA) is increasingly recognized as an autoimmune disorder.
  • Epidemiological data, animal models, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide evidence for its autoimmune basis.
  • Current treatments include corticosteroids and diphenylcyclopropenone immunotherapy.

Purpose:

  • To review the evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of alopecia areata.
  • To highlight the identification of novel therapeutic targets through GWAS.
  • To discuss the implications for ongoing and future clinical studies.

Summary:

  • GWAS have identified potential therapeutic targets, including CTLA4.
  • These genetic findings have spurred clinical investigations, such as trials with abatacept.
  • The autoimmune etiology of AA is supported by multiple lines of evidence.

Impact:

  • Advances in understanding AA's autoimmune basis are paving the way for targeted therapies.
  • Identification of targets like CTLA4 offers new hope for effective treatments.
  • Clinical studies are actively exploring novel therapeutic strategies for alopecia areata.