Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology

Area of Science:

• Anatomy
• Urology
• Radiology

Background:

• Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the most prevalent congenital renal fusion anomaly.
• It is characterized by ectopia, malrotation, and significant vascular alterations.
• HSK predisposes patients to diverse genitourinary and non-genitourinary complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To delineate the detailed anatomy of horseshoe kidney.
• To emphasize the vascular supply patterns of HSK.
• To classify associated abnormalities in HSK.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review on horseshoe kidney anatomy and vascularization.
• Categorization of arterial supply patterns using Graves' classification system.
• Analysis and classification of anatomical variations, congenital anomalies, and pathological conditions related to HSK.

Main Results:

• The majority of HSK cases exhibit renal arteries originating from the abdominal aorta below the isthmus.
• Common iliac arteries are also frequent sources for HSK arterial supply.
• Detailed classification of associated anatomical and pathological abnormalities was performed.

Conclusions:

• HSK presents with characteristic anatomical and vascular anomalies.
• Understanding the diverse arterial supply is vital for surgical and clinical management.
• Classification of abnormalities aids in predicting and managing HSK-related complications.