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Related Experiment Video

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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Mapping cortical anatomy in preschool aged children with autism using surface-based morphometry.

Armin Raznahan1, Rhoshel Lenroot, Audrey Thurm

  • 1Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|November 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Early autism involves focal brain differences, specifically cortical thickening in key regulatory and processing regions, not global brain size changes. These findings offer precise anatomical targets for future autism research.

Keywords:
AutismCortical thicknessNeuroimagingSurface area

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatric Neurology

Background:

  • Limited in-vivo brain anatomy studies in early autism due to data acquisition challenges.
  • Previous research often focused on global or lobar brain volumes in young children.
  • Understanding early neuroanatomical differences is crucial for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate neuroanatomical differences in young males with autism versus typically developing controls (TDCs).
  • Compare global brain anatomy and detailed cortical morphometry (thickness and surface area).
  • Identify focal brain alterations in early autism.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel cohort of males aged 2-5 years with Autistic Disorder and TDCs.
  • Assessed traditional global brain anatomy measures (total brain, white matter, gray matter, cortical volume).
  • Applied surface-based cortical morphometry to measure cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA).

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences in global brain anatomy measures between groups.
  • Children with autism exhibited focal, CT-specific disruptions compared to TDCs.
  • Relative cortical thickening observed in autism in regions critical for behavioral regulation, language, and social processing.

Conclusions:

  • Early autism is characterized by focal, not global, brain anatomical differences.
  • Cortical thickness alterations in specific brain regions represent a key neuroanatomical phenotype.
  • Findings provide spatially specific targets for translational autism research.