Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

436
To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
436
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

8.7K
In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
8.7K
Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

8.8K
Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
8.8K
Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test

7.3K
When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
7.3K
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

703
A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
703
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

11.6K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
11.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Declaration of Adelaide White paper: Guidelines for Author Responsibility in Peer Review.

Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection·2026
Same author

A commemoration and appreciation of Professor Ben Mijnheer.

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology·2026
Same author

Quality assurance and other challenges in paediatric radiotherapy: Accurate delivery of craniospinal radiotherapy.

Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology·2024
Same author

Cardiac substructure delineation in radiation therapy - A state-of-the-art review.

Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology·2024
Same author

Clinical research for global needs of radiation oncology.

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology·2023
Same author

The rationale for a carbon ion radiation therapy facility in Australia.

Journal of medical radiation sciences·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

6.5K

A methodological approach to reporting corrected small field relative outputs.

Gavin Cranmer-Sargison1, Paul H Charles, Jamie V Trapp

  • 1Department of Medical Physics, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada; Academic Unit of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, UK.

Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new method for measuring small field relative output improves consistency across linear accelerators. This approach uses an effective field size to correct for diode over-response, enabling clearer dosimetric comparisons.

Keywords:
Small field dosimetry

More Related Videos

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
14:01

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: May 22, 2015

42.2K
Improving Reproducibility to Meet Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Guidelines in Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
08:52

Improving Reproducibility to Meet Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Guidelines in Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: November 17, 2021

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

6.5K
Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
14:01

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: May 22, 2015

42.2K
Improving Reproducibility to Meet Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Guidelines in Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
08:52

Improving Reproducibility to Meet Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Guidelines in Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: November 17, 2021

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Dosimetry

Background:

  • Accurate dosimetry in small radiation fields is crucial for modern radiotherapy.
  • Variability in small field output measurements can arise from detector characteristics and field size definition.
  • Existing methods for reporting small field output may lack consistency across different linear accelerators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a standardized methodology for measuring and reporting small field relative output.
  • To evaluate the application of published correction factors for diode over-response.
  • To assess consistency of measurements across a population of linear accelerators.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements performed at 6 MV on Varian iX linear accelerators using unshielded diodes.
  • Relative output and profile measurements for field sizes 0.5–1.0 cm.
  • Calculated effective field size (√A·B) for interpolation of Monte Carlo-derived correction factors.

Main Results:

  • Nominal field size reporting showed up to 10% variation across accelerators.
  • Using effective field size reporting resulted in output ratios consistent within ±1.0% experimental uncertainty.
  • Corrected output factors showed minimal differences, well within uncertainties.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed methodology reduces ambiguity in reporting small field dosimetric quantities.
  • This approach facilitates clear and reliable dosimetric comparisons across different linear accelerators.
  • Standardized reporting enhances the accuracy and consistency of small field radiotherapy dosimetry.