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In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs

Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs

Published on: May 18, 2022

Morpholinos: studying gene function in the chick.

Anneliese Norris¹, Andrea Streit¹

¹Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Tower Wing, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)

|November 5, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Morpholinos enable precise gene function studies in chick embryos via in vivo electroporation. This guide details methods for knockdown, result consistency, and visualization, offering troubleshooting for developmental biology research.

Keywords:

Avian embryo Gene knockdown In vivo electroporation Loss-of-function

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Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs

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Published on: May 18, 2022

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Published on: November 1, 2007

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo

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Published on: May 29, 2013

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Morpholinos are crucial tools for perturbing gene function in chick (Gallus gallus) development.
In vivo electroporation allows for temporally and spatially controlled gain and loss of gene function.
Previous methods require refinement for consistent and reliable gene knockdown studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe optimized laboratory methods for in vivo gene function knockdown using morpholinos in chick embryos.
To provide protocols for visualizing morpholinos post-electroporation.
To offer guidance on troubleshooting and avoiding common pitfalls in morpholino-based gene perturbation.

Main Methods:

In vivo electroporation for targeted delivery of morpholinos into embryonic chick tissues.
Gene knockdown assessment using optimized morpholino transfection techniques.
Two distinct protocols for post-electroporation morpholino visualization.

Main Results:

Demonstration of temporally and spatially controlled gene function perturbation.
Establishment of methods ensuring consistency and reliability of experimental results.
Successful visualization techniques for tracking morpholino distribution.

Conclusions:

The described revised techniques provide a practical and robust starting point for investigating gene function in chick development.
These methods enhance the precision and reproducibility of morpholino-based gene knockdown studies.
The guidance offered aids researchers in overcoming challenges in chick developmental biology research.