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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
99
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

28
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

53
Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to...
53
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

32
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Updated: May 6, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

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Hepatitis C, stigma and cure.

Rui Tato Marinho1, David Pires Barreira

  • 1Rui Tato Marinho, David Pires Barreira, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Hospital Santa Maria, Medical School of Lisbon, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|November 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects millions globally, often asymptomatically, leading to severe liver disease. New Direct Antiviral Agents (DAAs) offer a high cure rate, transforming treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
ChronicDepressionHepatic cirrhosisHepatitis CHepatocellular carcinomaInterferon-alphaRibavirinSocial stigmaTherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Viral Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern, affecting 170-200 million people worldwide.
  • Chronic HCV infection often remains asymptomatic, leading to severe complications like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma, a leading cause of cancer mortality, is increasingly linked to chronic hepatitis C in Western countries.

Discussion:

  • Hepatitis C extends beyond liver pathology, encompassing significant mental, psychological, familial, and social dimensions, often exacerbated by stigma.
  • Inadequate information regarding HCV transmission, consequences, and especially treatment advancements contributes to patient and healthcare provider challenges.
  • The psychosocial impact of hepatitis C necessitates a comprehensive approach addressing stigma and promoting awareness of effective treatments.

Key Insights:

  • HCV is an oncogenic RNA virus, with chronic infection a primary driver of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma represents the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality globally.
  • Effective treatment of hepatitis C is crucial for preventing cancer development and improving patient outcomes.

Outlook:

  • Hepatitis C treatment has evolved significantly from low cure rates (6% in the 1980s) to high efficacy with new Direct Antiviral Agents (DAAs).
  • Current generation DAAs achieve cure rates of 80%-90%, offering a definitive elimination of the virus.
  • Future efforts should focus on increasing access to diagnosis and treatment, alongside continued research into HCV eradication strategies.