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Racial/ethnic subgroup differences in cognitive ability test range restriction: implications for differential

Christopher M Berry1, Michael J Cullen2, Jolene M Meyer3

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Cognitive ability tests show lower validity for Black and Hispanic individuals compared to White individuals. This difference is not explained by range restriction, indicating persistent disparities in predictive accuracy across diverse subgroups.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Industrial-Organizational Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Differential validity in cognitive ability testing across racial/ethnic subgroups is a known issue.
  • Previous research suggested range restriction might explain these validity differences.
  • The extent of range restriction across diverse subgroups and its impact on validity remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether range restriction explains differential validity of cognitive tests across racial/ethnic subgroups (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White).
  • To meta-analytically examine subgroup differences in range restriction across college admissions, civilian employment, and military domains.
  • To provide range-restriction-corrected validity estimates for cognitive ability tests.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a meta-analysis of hundreds of cognitive ability test validity studies.
  • Included data from over 1 million individuals across racial/ethnic subgroups.
  • Analyzed subgroup differences in range restriction and cognitive test validity.

Main Results:

  • Replicated findings of differential validity, extending them to show lower validity for Hispanic subgroups in civilian employment.
  • Found equivalent range restriction across subgroups in college admissions and civilian employment.
  • Observed greater range restriction for the Black subgroup than the White subgroup in military studies.
  • Determined that range restriction differences did not account for observed validity disparities across subgroups.
  • Calculated that corrected validities for Black and Hispanic subgroups were 11.3-18.0% lower than for White subgroups.

Conclusions:

  • Differential validity of cognitive ability tests persists across racial/ethnic subgroups, even after accounting for range restriction.
  • Range restriction does not explain the observed lower predictive validity of cognitive tests for Black and Hispanic individuals.
  • Significant disparities in corrected cognitive test validities suggest potential bias or other unmeasured factors influencing subgroup performance.