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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Povidone Iodine Rectal Preparation at Time of Prostate Needle Biopsy is a Simple and Reproducible Means to Reduce Risk of Procedural Infection
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Rectal pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Lisa C Rohan1, Haitao Yang, Lin Wang

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.

Antiviral Research
|November 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rectal pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is vital for HIV prevention, especially for men who have sex with men. This review addresses challenges and knowledge gaps in developing effective rectal PrEP products.

Keywords:
HIV preventionMicrobicidesRectal pre-exposure prophylaxis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Rectal pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is crucial for preventing HIV transmission, particularly among men who have sex with men and heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected receptive anal intercourse.
  • The rectal compartment presents unique biological challenges for HIV infection and microbicide delivery.
  • Existing knowledge gaps hinder the development of effective rectal PrEP products for both men and women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile essential information to address deficits in knowledge for designing rectal PrEP products.
  • To review formulation development, preclinical, and clinical evaluation aspects of rectal microbicide products.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on rectal microbicide product development.
  • Summary of formulation strategies and evaluation methods for rectal delivery systems.
  • Compilation of findings from preclinical and clinical studies.

Main Results:

  • Identified key challenges in rectal PrEP product design, including biological and formulation considerations.
  • Summarized current approaches to formulation development for rectal microbicides.
  • Highlighted the status of preclinical and clinical evaluations of rectal products.

Conclusions:

  • Rectal PrEP is a critical, yet challenging, area of HIV prevention research.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome formulation and delivery hurdles for successful rectal PrEP products.
  • This review provides a foundation for future advancements in rectal HIV prevention technologies.