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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
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Chromosome labeling with transposable elements in maize.

R Y Chang1, P A Peterson

  • 1Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, Iowa, USA.

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|November 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maize chromosome arms were labeled with transposons to increase gene tagging efficiency. This strategy enhances the ability to identify genes located on specific chromosome arms using transposon-based approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements with low-frequency random insertion.
  • The Enhancer (En) element in maize exhibits a preference for transposing to linked sites.
  • Efficient gene tagging is crucial for understanding gene function and genome organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for enhancing gene tagging efficiency in maize.
  • To systematically label each of the 20 maize chromosome arms with transposons.
  • To facilitate the identification and study of genes located on specific chromosome arms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Enhancer (En) transposable element for chromosome labeling.
  • Employing reciprocal translocations to link En elements to specific chromosome arms.
  • Systematically labeling all 20 maize chromosome arms with En-containing alleles.

Main Results:

  • All 20 maize chromosome arms have been successfully labeled with at least one En-containing allele.
  • The developed chromosome labeling strategy increases the probability of gene tagging.
  • This method provides a valuable resource for genetic studies in maize.

Conclusions:

  • Chromosome arm labeling with transposons is an effective strategy to maximize gene tagging efficiency in maize.
  • The generated arm-labeled maize lines offer a powerful tool for forward and reverse genetics.
  • This approach significantly advances the study of gene function and genome mapping in maize.