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Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...

Chi-square Analysis

Chi-square Analysis

The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
The first step of performing a Chi-square analysis is to establish a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no real...

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

z Scores and Area Under the Curve

z Scores and Area Under the Curve

z scores are the standardized values obtained after converting a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution. A z score is measured in units of the standard deviation. The z score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z score of...

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Plot size for progeny selection in maize (Zea mays L.).

L J Chaves¹, J B de Miranda Filho

¹Department of Agriculture, Universidade Federal de Goiás, C.P. 131, 74001, Goiánia GO, Brazil.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik

|November 9, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing plot size in maize recurrent selection is crucial for maximizing genetic gain. Studies show that plot sizes between 3-4 m², or 15-20 plants, are optimal for yield trait discrimination.

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Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

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Published on: March 28, 2025

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Published on: June 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Plant breeding
Quantitative genetics
Agricultural science

Background:

Recurrent selection programs in maize (Zea mays L.) aim to improve quantitative traits.
Plot size is a critical factor influencing the efficiency and accuracy of selection in breeding programs.
Understanding the impact of plot size on genetic parameter estimation is essential for optimizing experimental design.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the consequences of different plot sizes on recurrent selection programs in maize.
To determine the optimal plot size for maximizing expected genetic gain in yield traits.
To evaluate the effect of plot size on estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability.

Main Methods:

Conducted six progeny trials with 147 half-sib progenies of maize population ESALQ PB-5.
Utilized simple lattice experiments with plot sizes of 5 m² and 1 m² (5 plants).
Analyzed data from combined experiments considering five plot sizes, including adjacent sampling units.

Main Results:

Experiments with 1 m² plots showed lower efficiency in discriminating yield traits compared to 5 m² plots.
An optimal plot size for yield was determined to be between 3-4 m² (15-20 plants per plot) for maximizing expected gain with four replications.
Decreasing plot size and increasing replications maximized selection gain when total progeny area remained constant.

Conclusions:

Plot size significantly affects estimates of additive genetic variance, heritability, and genetic coefficient of variation in maize.
An optimal plot size exists for maximizing genetic gain in recurrent selection, balancing efficiency and accuracy.
While 1 m² plots present no practical limitations, larger sizes are more efficient for discriminating yield traits in maize breeding programs.