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Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
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Solid-solution nanocrystallite formation by high-energy milling.

Hanjung Kwon1, Suna Jung, Sung-Wook Cho

  • 1Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
|November 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
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High-energy milling of titanium (Ti) alloys with graphite produced solid-solution nanocrystalline powders. The study reveals that (Ti, Cr)C forms earlier and results in larger crystallites than (Ti, Al)C due to atomic size differences.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Titanium (Ti) alloys are crucial in various industrial applications.
  • Nanocrystalline materials offer unique properties due to their high surface area.
  • Solid-solution phases are important for tailoring material characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synthesis of solid-solution nanocrystalline (Ti, Cr)C and (Ti, Al)C powders.
  • To understand the phase evolution during high-energy milling of Ti alloys with graphite.
  • To elucidate the influence of elemental composition on the formation and properties of these carbides.

Main Methods:

  • High-energy ball milling of Ti-Cr + graphite and Ti-Al + graphite mixtures.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to monitor phase evolution and crystallite size.

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Last Updated: May 6, 2026

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  • Controlled variation of milling conditions, including milling time and ball-to-powder ratio (BPR).

    • Main Results:

    • Formation of B1 structure (NaCl-like) phases, specifically (Ti, Cr)C and (Ti, Al)C, was confirmed via XRD.
    • (Ti, Cr)C formed earlier and under less severe milling conditions (20 hr, BPR 20:1) compared to (Ti, Al)C (20 hr, BPR 40:1).
    • The crystallite size of (Ti, Al)C (2-3 nm) was smaller than that of (Ti, Cr)C (5-10 nm), attributed to differences in solid-solution formation tendency and atomic sizes.

    Conclusions:

    • The atomic size similarity between Cr and Ti facilitates earlier and more straightforward solid-solution formation of (Ti, Cr)C.
    • The tendency for solid-solution formation significantly impacts the synthetic behavior and resulting crystallite size of the carbides.
    • This research provides insights into controlling the synthesis of nanocrystalline titanium carbide solid solutions for advanced material applications.