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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Advances in menopausal therapy: the tissue-selective estrogen complex.

Anne Moore1

  • 1Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, Tennessee.

Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners
|November 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Tissue-selective estrogen complexes (TSEC) offer a new option for menopausal symptom relief. The combination of bazedoxifene (BZA) and conjugated estrogens (CE) effectively treats symptoms while protecting the endometrium.

Keywords:
Menopauseosteoporosistherapieswomen's health

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopause commonly involves vasomotor symptoms, vulvar-vaginal atrophy, and bone loss.
  • Estrogen and progestin therapies manage symptoms but may have side effects.
  • Tissue-selective estrogen complexes (TSEC) combine estrogens with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for targeted benefits and improved tolerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review published data on the efficacy and safety of the first TSEC in development: bazedoxifene (BZA) combined with conjugated estrogens (CE).

Main Methods:

  • Review of data from Phase 3 clinical trials of BZA/CE.

Main Results:

  • Daily BZA 20 mg/CE 0.625 mg or 0.45 mg significantly relieved hot flushes.
  • This TSEC maintained or increased bone mineral density and treated vulvar-vaginal atrophy.
  • BZA/CE improved quality of life, prevented endometrial stimulation by CE, and showed amenorrhea and breast pain rates similar to placebo.

Conclusions:

  • Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE) demonstrate efficacy in managing key menopausal symptoms.
  • The TSEC offers a promising therapeutic option for women seeking relief from estrogen deficiency symptoms.
  • BZA/CE provides symptom relief and bone protection with an acceptable safety profile, including endometrial protection.