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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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What is Weather?01:07

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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Identifying external influences on global precipitation.

Kate Marvel1, Céline Bonfils

  • 1Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global precipitation patterns are changing due to climate change, driven by both thermodynamic and dynamic atmospheric shifts. Evidence suggests these observed precipitation changes are linked to human activities, not just natural variability.

Keywords:
climate change detectionclimate modelingmultimodel database

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Global precipitation changes are a critical, yet poorly understood, consequence of climate change.
  • Greenhouse gas increases are hypothesized to alter precipitation distribution via thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate simultaneous thermodynamic and dynamic changes in global precipitation patterns.
  • To determine the drivers of observed global precipitation trends, distinguishing between internal variability and external influences.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of global precipitation data to identify concurrent thermodynamic and dynamic shifts.
  • Comparison of observed trends against climate model simulations to assess the role of internal variability.
  • Evaluation of evidence for external forcing, particularly anthropogenic influences, on precipitation changes.

Main Results:

  • Observed global precipitation changes exhibit simultaneous thermodynamic (hydrological cycle intensification) and dynamic (storm track and dry zone displacement) shifts.
  • These concurrent changes cannot be attributed solely to natural internal climate variability.
  • Evidence indicates that external influences, consistent with human activities, are responsible for the observed precipitation trends.

Conclusions:

  • The observed alterations in global precipitation patterns are a result of simultaneous thermodynamic and dynamic processes.
  • Human activities are identified as the primary driver of these observed global precipitation changes.
  • Further research with longer model experiments is needed to definitively differentiate natural and anthropogenic forcing at the 95% confidence level.