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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
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The composite effect for inverted faces is reliable at large sample sizes and requires the basic face configuration.

Tirta Susilo1, Constantin Rezlescu, Bradley Duchaine

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.

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The face composite effect (FCE) for inverted faces is reliably detected with sufficient participants. This suggests holistic face processing occurs even with upside-down faces, challenging previous assumptions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The face composite effect (FCE) is typically observed for upright faces, leading to the belief that holistic face processing is orientation-specific.
  • Previous studies often failed to find an inverted FCE, attributed to insufficient statistical power.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and reliability of the face composite effect (FCE) for inverted faces.
  • To determine if holistic face processing mechanisms are active for non-upright facial stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted experiments with a large number of participants (n=60+), significantly more than previous studies.
  • Systematically varied testing order (upright first, inverted first, mixed trials) to assess the robustness of the inverted FCE.
  • Included a control experiment disrupting face configuration to rule out alternative explanations.

Main Results:

  • Reliably detected the inverted face composite effect (FCE) in studies with adequate sample sizes.
  • The inverted FCE was approximately 18% the size of the upright FCE and was consistent across different experimental conditions.
  • The inverted FCE disappeared when the basic face configuration was disrupted, indicating reliance on configural processing.

Conclusions:

  • The face composite effect (FCE) is not exclusive to upright faces, demonstrating that holistic face processing mechanisms operate on inverted faces.
  • The findings challenge the view that holistic face processing is strictly dependent on canonical facial orientation.
  • The results support the existence of partially shared mechanisms underlying both upright and inverted face processing.