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Updated: May 6, 2026

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
Published on: April 25, 2020
Ellen T Roche1, Robert Wohlfarth, Johannes T B Overvelde
1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan circle, Boston, MA, 02155, USA.
Researchers developed soft actuated materials mimicking lifelike motion using pneumatic actuators and a muscle-inspired design. This biomimetic approach enables tunable movement in fully soft structures, demonstrated with a heart simulator.
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