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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
863
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Spermatozoa: Collection, Cryopreservation, and Heterologous In Vitro Fertilization
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Vaginal calculi in the dolphin.

J E Sawyer1, W A Walker

  • 1Zoological Society of San Diego Research Department and Group in Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine M-012, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases
|November 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Vaginal calculi, or stones, were discovered in three dolphin species, including spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata). These calculi were mainly composed of calcium phosphate, indicating a potential health concern in marine mammals.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary medicine
  • Marine biology
  • Mammalogy

Background:

  • Reproductive tract examinations are crucial for understanding cetacean health.
  • Vaginal calculi are rare findings in marine mammals.
  • Previous research on cetacean reproductive pathologies is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the presence and composition of vaginal calculi in cetaceans.
  • To investigate the occurrence of vaginal calculi across different dolphin species.

Main Methods:

  • Necropsy and gross examination of reproductive tracts from stranded or deceased cetaceans.
  • Chemical analysis of calculi to determine composition.

Main Results:

  • Thirteen vaginal calculi were identified in a mature spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata).
  • Calculi were also found in two mature Lagenorhynchus obliquidens and six mature Delphinus delphis.
  • The calculi were primarily composed of calcium phosphate compounds.

Conclusions:

  • Vaginal calculi can occur in multiple species of odontocetes (toothed whales).
  • Calcium phosphate is the primary component of these calculi.
  • Further research is needed to determine the etiology and clinical significance of vaginal calculi in dolphins.