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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
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The testosterone hypothesis: Assessment since Geschwind and Behan, 1982.

A M Galaburda1

  • 1Dyslexia Research Laboratory Charles A. Dana Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital Harvard Medical School, USA.

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|November 16, 2013
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Summary

The Geschwind hypothesis links non-right-handedness, immune disorders, and dyslexia, possibly due to prenatal testosterone. Evidence is mixed, with associations between learning disorders and the other two traits being stronger but not conclusive.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The Geschwind hypothesis suggests a link between non-right-handedness, immune disorders, and learning disabilities like dyslexia.
  • This connection is theorized to be mediated by prenatal testosterone exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate the evidence supporting the Geschwind hypothesis.
  • To explore potential neuropathological and immunological mechanisms underlying the proposed associations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies examining associations between handedness, immune disorders, and learning disabilities.
  • Examination of neuropathological findings in human dyslexics and animal models.
  • Discussion of potential immunological and genetic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological studies show mixed support for the Geschwind hypothesis; associations are stronger between learning disorders and non-right-handedness/immune disease than between the latter two.
  • Neuropathological evidence is consistent with, but not diagnostic of, immunological pathology in dyslexia.
  • Abnormal maternal-fetal interactions and genetic factors are proposed as potential underlying mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Current data are not conclusive due to potential issues with sample representativeness.
  • Immunological pathology and abnormal maternal-fetal interactions are plausible mechanisms for the Geschwind hypothesis.
  • Further research is needed to definitively establish or refute the proposed causal links.