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Related Concept Videos

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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Frontotemporal dementia.

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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of brain disorders causing behavioral and language changes, often seen in early-onset dementia. Current treatments focus on symptom management and caregiver support, as disease-modifying therapies are unavailable.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) comprises syndromes with progressive behavioral and/or language decline.
  • It is a leading cause of early-onset dementia (<60 years), surpassing Alzheimer's disease.
  • Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) presents with distinct social-emotional changes, disinhibition, apathy, and repetitive behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical spectrum, pathology, genetics, and management of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD).
  • To highlight the key features distinguishing bvFTD and its associated neurological conditions.
  • To summarize current therapeutic strategies and future directions for FTD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and diagnostic criteria for FTD syndromes.
  • Analysis of neuropathological findings, including proteinopathies (tau, TDP-43, FUS).
  • Examination of genetic underpinnings, focusing on autosomal dominant mutations (C9ORF72, MAPT, GRN).

Main Results:

  • bvFTD is characterized by behavioral changes and can co-occur with motor neuron disease or parkinsonism.
  • Structural brain imaging often reveals frontal and/or temporal atrophy.
  • Specific protein accumulations (tau, TDP-43, FUS) define pathological subtypes of FTD.

Conclusions:

  • No definitive disease-modifying treatments for FTD currently exist.
  • Symptomatic management may involve antidepressants or neuroleptics.
  • Non-pharmacological approaches and caregiver education are crucial for managing FTD.