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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalopathies.

Orna O'Toole1, Stacey Clardy, Amy May Lin Quek

  • 1Mayo Clinic Rochester Alumni, Rochester, Minnesota.

Seminars in Neurology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune-mediated encephalitis involves antibodies targeting brain cells, causing neurological issues. Identifying these antibodies helps detect cancer and predict treatment response for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Immune-mediated encephalitis is a growing cause of neurological dysfunction.
  • Antineuronal antibodies are key diagnostic markers, classified as pathogenic (cell surface) or nonpathogenic (intracellular).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of antineuronal antibodies in diagnosing neurological dysfunction.
  • To correlate antibody type with underlying cancer and predict treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of patient data correlating neurological symptoms with antineuronal antibody profiles.
  • Review of diagnostic and prognostic implications of antibody identification.

Main Results:

  • Antibodies targeting intracellular antigens are frequently associated with underlying cancers.
  • Specific cancers like small-cell lung, breast, and ovarian cancers are highly immunogenic.
  • Pathogenic antibodies predict a favorable response to immunotherapy, unlike nonpathogenic ones.

Conclusions:

  • Antineuronal antibody identification is crucial for diagnosing immune-mediated encephalitis and guiding treatment.
  • Early cancer detection and subsequent oncologic treatment followed by immunotherapy improve outcomes.
  • Ongoing surveillance is recommended for patients without identified cancer.