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The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

Temporal regularity facilitates higher-order sensory predictions in fast auditory sequences.

Alessandro Tavano¹, Andreas Widmann, Alexandra Bendixen

¹Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.

The European Journal of Neuroscience

|November 19, 2013

Summary

Temporal regularity aids auditory prediction by enabling

Keywords:

Mismatch Negativity audition prediction repetition suppression temporal regularity

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Area of Science:

Auditory Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

The brain predicts upcoming sensory information.
Temporal regularity in auditory sequences may influence predictive processing.
Distinguishing between first-order and higher-order predictions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if temporal regularity enhances predictive processing in auditory sequences.
To determine the role of temporal regularity in first-order and higher-order auditory predictions.
To localize the neural correlates of prediction error attenuation.

Main Methods:

Recorded human event-related potentials (ERPs) to auditory stimuli.
Presented tones in isochronous (regular) and anisochronous (irregular) sequences.
Used Variable Resolution Electrical Tomography (VARETA) for source localization.

Main Results:

Temporal regularity was necessary for higher-order auditory predictions.
First-order prediction error responses (Mismatch Negativity) were not modulated by temporal regularity.
Attenuation of prediction error response was localized to the left superior temporal gyrus.

Conclusions:

Temporal regularity facilitates higher-order predictions ('knowing what next') in rapid auditory sequences.
First-order prediction error primarily reflects stimulus feature mismatch.
These findings highlight the distinct roles of temporal structure in auditory predictive coding.