Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry.

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Chemistry

Background:

• Solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques are increasingly vital for sample preparation in chromatography.
• Complex sample matrices necessitate advanced extraction methods for accurate analyte determination.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present novel methodological and instrumental solutions for SPE variants.
• To critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE).
• To highlight the alignment of these techniques with green chemistry principles and sustainable development.

Main Methods:

• Review of novel stationary phases, including polymeric ionic liquids, carbon nanotubes, and silica- and carbon-based sorbents.
• Discussion of methodological and instrumental advancements in SPME, SBSE, and MSPE.
• Analysis of practical applications and critical evaluation of technique performance.

Main Results:

• Novel SPE techniques integrate sample collection, extraction, analyte enrichment, and matrix isolation.
• Advanced sorbent materials and optimized methodologies improve efficiency and selectivity.
• Proposed solutions reduce errors in sample preparation and minimize environmental impact.

Conclusions:

• The presented SPE techniques offer sustainable and efficient sample preparation for chromatographic analysis.
• Adoption of these methods supports green chemistry principles in analytical laboratories.
• These advancements contribute to reduced environmental impact and improved laboratory safety.