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Related Concept Videos

Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

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Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
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Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

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Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

71
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes
07:54

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Published on: June 5, 2014

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Neonatal Cholestasis.

Amy G Feldman1, Ronald J Sokol

  • 1Fellow in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, CO.

Neoreviews
|November 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal cholestasis, indicated by jaundice lasting over 2-3 weeks, requires immediate bilirubin testing. Early diagnosis and management of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia are crucial for infant health and prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Hepatology
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Cholestatic jaundice is a frequent sign of infant liver and metabolic issues.
  • Persistent jaundice beyond 2-3 weeks necessitates bilirubin fractionation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of early recognition and management of neonatal cholestasis.
  • To highlight the need for a systematic diagnostic approach.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic considerations for neonatal cholestasis.
  • Emphasis on history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation (serum bilirubin fractionation).

Main Results:

  • Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is abnormal and requires investigation.
  • A step-wise diagnostic strategy aids in identifying the cause of cholestasis.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of neonatal cholestasis is vital for timely treatment and improved outcomes.
  • Medical management and nutritional support benefit infants with cholestasis, even without specific cures.
  • Further research is needed for effective universal screening methods.