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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
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Hydrogen-bonded capsules in water.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Host-Guest Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen-bonded capsules offer unique environments for molecular confinement.
  • Water competition and alternative assembly forces (metal/ligand, hydrophobic) have been explored.
  • Cavitands are versatile scaffolds for constructing complex supramolecular architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the reversible assembly of a water-soluble cavitand into a capsule host.
  • To investigate the formation of hydrogen-bonded capsules in the presence of hydrophobic guests.
  • To characterize the host-guest complexes and their interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Reversible self-assembly of a water-soluble cavitand.
  • Characterization using conventional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Assessment of guest selectivity and fluorescence quenching of a stilbene guest.

Main Results:

  • A robust, water-soluble capsule host was successfully assembled from a cavitand.
  • The capsule demonstrated selective binding based on guest length.
  • Fluorescence quenching of a stilbene guest provided evidence for hydrogen bonding within the capsule.

Conclusions:

  • The developed cavitand system enables the formation of hydrogen-bonded capsules in aqueous media.
  • The capsule exhibits specific host-guest interactions, including selective binding and evidence of hydrogen bonding.
  • This work expands the toolkit for designing supramolecular hosts with applications in molecular recognition and confinement.